3.1.10. Modules¶
3.1.10.1. Semantics of Modules¶
Modules are Abstract Classes, meaning they contain methods and constants, but cannot be instantiated.
Modules are libraries that implement useful operations not included in the basic code
3.1.10.2. Syntax of Modules¶
Modules can be accessed via the
importstatementExamples of modules are
mathandrandomDon’t use modules names as variable names
3.1.10.3. Math Module¶
import math
print math.ceil(5.6) #Round up
print math.floor(5.6) #Round down
print math.pow(3,4) #3 to the power of 4
print math.fabs(-5) #absolute value
print math.sqrt(4) #square root
print math.radians(180) #convert to radians
print math.degrees(3.1415926) # convert to degrees
print math.pi #pi
print math.e # e^1
print math.exp(1) #e^1
# import only two using capitals for constants
from math import pi as PI
from math import exp as exp
print PI
print exp(1)
6.0
5.0
81.0
5.0
2.0
3.14159265359
179.99999693
3.14159265359
2.71828182846
2.71828182846
3.14159265359
2.71828182846
3.1.10.4. Numpy Module¶
import numpy as np
ones=np.ones((5,5))
print ones
zeros=np.zeros((5,5))
print zeros
print np.sin(ones)
print np.linspace(0.0, 2.0, 5)
[[ 1. 1. 1. 1. 1.]
[ 1. 1. 1. 1. 1.]
[ 1. 1. 1. 1. 1.]
[ 1. 1. 1. 1. 1.]
[ 1. 1. 1. 1. 1.]]
[[ 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.]
[ 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.]
[ 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.]
[ 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.]
[ 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.]]
[[ 0.84147098 0.84147098 0.84147098 0.84147098 0.84147098]
[ 0.84147098 0.84147098 0.84147098 0.84147098 0.84147098]
[ 0.84147098 0.84147098 0.84147098 0.84147098 0.84147098]
[ 0.84147098 0.84147098 0.84147098 0.84147098 0.84147098]
[ 0.84147098 0.84147098 0.84147098 0.84147098 0.84147098]]
[ 0. 0.5 1. 1.5 2. ]
3.1.10.5. Random Module¶
import random
print random.choice([1,2,3,4,5]) #Random choice from a list
print random.randint(0,10) #random integer from 0 to 10 (including 10)
print random.randrange(0,10) #random integer from 0 to 10 (not including 10)
print random.random() #random float from 0.0 to 1.0 (not including 1.0)
1
3
2
0.622180301476